It could simply be a connector block or it could be an RF filter. Apparenty some RF filters can cause adsl problems but I don't know anything about this - if there are any identifying type numbers maybe somebody else can comment. Just taking the cover off will reveal if there are any components - I'd imagine there'd be a ferrite based component in an RF filter which should be easy to spot.
All I can say is that with a line which reported 35dB attenuation I got a marginal 8Mbps sync and on ADSL2+ the attenuation was reported as 39dB (the rise is normal) and it managed 12-13Mbps. I'd guess you ought to be getting ~ 6Mbps with a 6dB margin - maybe it's only the higher margin holding your speed down or maybe its something else - as you have no extensions at all you wont have any unfiltered ring wires.
If you can't fix it with a hammer you've got an electrical problem.