One further possibility, beyond the ones already mentioned related to shutting rural exchanges, is using exchange -> exchange spines to add resilience.
The general understanding has been that fibre spines ran out from an exchange, taking in a number of PCPs en route. However, I saw a suggestion today that spines run exchange to exchange.
Quite a while ago, I saw a proposal from within BT suggesting that fibre could run from exchange to exchange, offering the possibility for cabinets to be dual-parented, improving resilience.
http://www.ecoc2010.org/contents/attached/c20/WS_5_R...
This concept extended backwards, as suggested by others, allowing those small exchanges to close - ultimately leaving the spines running between core nodes instead.
I wonder if BT have been putting into place exactly this kind of resilient architecture.
It could, of course, mean that they're putting in additional exchanges exchange backhaul.