But that is saying that no time is taken for the signal to travel to the exchange,?
No, it's not.
The sync speed is the number of bits per second transferred between the VDSL DSLAM in the cabinet, and the VDSL modem at the end user side. It's an attribute of this copper point-to-point link only.
Even if the fibre from the cabinet was cut, it would not affect the sync speed - it's just that data wouldn't be able to travel any further than the cabinet.
Surely if the cab is further from the exchange it must effect the speed.?
It does not affect the speed of the link between the cabinet and the user's VDSL modem, which is what we're talking about here.
For end-to-end data transfers over the Internet, there *is* a relationship between latency, maximum achievable throughput, TCP window size and packet loss. You can achieve any throughput you like, for a given latency, as long as the TCP window size is large enough and the packet loss is low enough.
Ok latency is the wrong word but as everything takes time, then due to power drops at further distances the speed would still be lower.?
There is no VDSL "power" sent along the fibre link between exchange and cabinet. The cabinet has its own mains connection, and the VDSL electrical signal originates at the cabinet.
So for VDSL sync speed, the distance between cabinet and end user matters (i.e. the length of the copper link); the fibre between exchange and cabinet does not.