If I remember correctly, the DOCSIS cable modem technology involves each modem being told when to transmit, which allows the system to optimise the upstream throughput.
Yes indeed. Periodically, usually ever 2ms, an upstream bandwidth allocation MAP is broadcast to all modems informing of when they can transmit. If a modem requires upstream bandwidth and has none in the map there is a space in the upstream MAP, a contention slot, where any modem can attempt to send a request for upstream bandwidth. A modem broadcasts a request in a contention slot, it is granted within the upstream MAP, and they then send the actual upstream burst in the dedicated time slot they are granted in the MAP.
That's the DOCSIS request-grant upstream cycle. If the upstream is congested a modem may have to wait multiple MAPs before it gets a chance to transmit, that's the cause of the DOCSIS jitter.
I'm not familiar with the precise configuration used by Virgin Media at present, but EuroDOCSIS 3.0 with 8 downstream channels and 4 upstream channels has a usable throughput of 400/108 Mbit/s across all the users of the channel group.
8 downstream, 2 upstream is standard, 400Mb down, 36Mb up. However there are moves towards 27Mb upstream channels, and up to 4 of them in a bonded group. There are also areas where even though modems are bonded to 2 upstreams there are 3 or 4 to choose from.
Moreover more than 8 downstreams can be added. A modem might only be able to acquire 8 channels at once but spreading all the modems across 12 channels will reduce load.
It is possible to balance modems across channels as they don't acquire all the channels at once, they acquire a primary channel which, via a MAC Domain Descriptor message, informs them of the information they need on the other downstream channels. By varying the information provided, say by offering 1-8, then 5-12 to modems as they come online they can be balanced across the downstreams with native DOCSIS 3 load balancing within the bonded groups taking care of the rest.
The same MDD message will also inform which upstream channels to bond, too.



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