I think the 585v6 router can only support "WPA-PSK-TKIP", as I can't find anywhere in the documentation to say it supports the AES method.
Encryption Key = Pass Key, should just be different terminology. If you have the encryption set the same on both ends. I.E. "WPA-PSK-TKIP"
The dots / stars / hashes / ***** - It called a password mask, built into most software / secure websites that require as security password, so that someone can't look at your screen and see what you just typed.
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Allow New Devices:
You can find this in the manual.
Here in Chapter 2, Section 2.2.4 (Adobe Acobat Reader Required).
The "Registration" of devices is another layer of protection for wireless on this router.
The router keeps a table of record of devices that are / have "Registered" to the router at one time or another.
See Here
From there you can allow or deny access of each already registered device on the router, in the Local Device List.
But in order to "Register"/connect the Device to the router, you may have to do a intermediate step before you can.
... Automatically - As long as you have the settings to connect to the router, you can connect to the router automatically, without having to do anything else in or to the router.
... via Registration - You will need to setup up your New PC/Laptop/Device ready to connect, but don't yet hit the connect button.Then you have to either:
- Hold down the "Registration button" for about 2 seconds, a round button to the left of the row of LED's on the router.
'or'
- Initiate the "Search for wireless devices" from within the router
Here or
Here.
You then have 2 minutes (according to the manual) to register / connect your New PC/Laptop/Device to the router within this time.
... Not Allow - Is similar to the "via Registration" option, but you can only register by the "Search for wireless devices" option
Here or
Here, as the "Registration Button" on the router is disabled.
Again, you have to connect your New PC/Laptop/Device before the time is up.
If your not planning on putting any new devices on the network at the moment, maybe set it to "Via Registration" or "Not Allowed", to stop others connecting even if they do manage to get / crack / hack your settings. They will need access to an already connected device, VIA LAN or the router itself to add their own.
But then the same also goes for you.
Hopefully you have already setup your connection to be secure enough to hopefully stop anyone else, but this will make it a bit harder.
Hope it all makes sense, but any other questions, maybe try looking in the manual first. Most things can be found there, the rest is knowledge and experience.
Hope this all makes sense